11 Common GSD Health Problems

 

German Shepherds are one of the most popular and beloved dog breeds worldwide, and the GSD health problems are even more common. Known for their intelligence, loyalty, and versatility, these dogs are often used in roles such as police work, search and rescue, and as loyal family pets. However, like all breeds, German Shepherds are prone to specific health problems that potential and current owners should be aware of.

This breed is genetically predisposed to some health issues, with approximately 50 hereditary diseases affecting the breed.

Common GSD health problems include hip dysplasia, which usually leads to arthritis and pain. Degenerative myelopathy, a progressive spinal disease, often appears in older dogs, causing hind leg paralysis. Bloat, a life-threatening condition where the stomach twists, is also a risk, particularly in large breeds like GSDs.

Awareness of these issues allows for early intervention and preventive care, ensuring a healthier life for your German Shepherd.

11 Common Health Problems in German Shepherds

Below, we discuss 11 of the most common health issues that owners should be aware of to help keep their GSDs healthy and happy.

1. Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is one of the most prevalent health issues in German Shepherds, affecting nearly 20% of the breed, according to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. This condition occurs when the hip joint doesn’t develop properly, causing the ball of the femur to fit loosely in the hip socket. Over time, this misalignment leads to joint instability, resulting in pain, inflammation, and eventually arthritis.
German Shepherds are genetically predisposed to hip dysplasia, but other factors like:

1. Rapid growth
2. Excessive exercise
3. Obesity

can exacerbate the condition.

A study published in The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association has shown that environmental factors, such as a high-calorie diet during puppyhood, can increase the risk of developing hip dysplasia. Additionally, large-breed dogs like German Shepherds are more susceptible due to their rapid growth rate and significant body weight, which puts extra strain on their developing joints.

Common Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of hip dysplasia in German Shepherds can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common signs include:

• Difficulty getting up or lying down.
• Limping or favoring one leg.
• Decreased activity or reluctance to run, jump, or climb stairs.
• Audible clicking sound when the dog walks.
• Thinning muscles in the thighs due to reduced activity.
• Signs of irritability or decreased playfulness due to discomfort.

In severe cases, the dog may experience significant pain, leading to a reduced quality of life.

How to Prevent Hip Dysplasia in your GSD?

Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in managing hip dysplasia. Veterinarians typically diagnose the condition through physical examination and X-rays. Treatment options vary depending on the severity but may include weight management, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and, in more severe cases, surgical intervention such as a total hip replacement.

Preventive measures can also play a significant role in reducing the risk of hip dysplasia.

• Maintain a healthy weight of your GSD to reduce strain on the hips.
• Allow them to perform gentle exercises, like swimming, to maintain muscle tone without stressing the joints.
• You can give them pain relievers, and anti-inflammatory drugs can alleviate discomfort.
• Avoid activities that put undue stress on the joints during puppyhood.

Related: How to Properly Set Your GSD Hips For X-ray?

2. Elbow Dysplasia

Elbow dysplasia is another common orthopedic issue affecting German Shepherds, particularly during their growing years.

This condition involves abnormal development of the elbow joint, leading to pain, lameness, and eventually arthritis. Elbow dysplasia is actually a group of related conditions, including:

• Fragmented coronoid process (FCP)
• Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
• Ununited anconeal process (UAP)

All of which can lead to joint instability and degeneration.

German Shepherds are genetically predisposed to elbow dysplasia, but factors such as rapid growth, high-impact activities, and improper nutrition can worsen the condition.

Symptoms of Elbow Dysplasia

• Limping or stiffness in the front legs.
• Swelling around the elbow joint.
• Reluctance to exercise or play.
• Pain when the elbow is touched or manipulated.

In some cases, the dog may hold the affected leg outward or avoid putting weight on it altogether. As the condition progresses, it can lead to significant discomfort and a reduced quality of life.

The International Elbow Working Group reports that elbow dysplasia is one of the most common causes of forelimb lameness in large-breed dogs, including German Shepherds. Studies have also shown that early signs can appear as young as 4 to 10 months of age, making early detection and intervention crucial.

How to Prevent Elbow Dysplasia in your GSD?

Veterinarians typically diagnose elbow dysplasia through a combination of physical examination, X-rays, and sometimes advanced imaging techniques like CT scans.

Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may be managed with weight control, joint supplements, and anti-inflammatory medications. More severe cases might require surgical intervention to remove bone fragments or correct joint alignment.

Some preventive measures include:

• Reduce your pet’s activity to manage symptoms, along with targeted physical therapy.
• Provide a balanced diet, avoiding overfeeding during puppyhood
• Keep your GSD’s weight in check occasionally.
• Anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce pain and swelling.

3. Degenerative Myelopathy

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive, neurological disease that affects the spinal cord, leading to a gradual loss of coordination and mobility in German Shepherds.

This condition is often compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans due to its similar degenerative nature. DM primarily affects older dogs, with symptoms typically appearing between the ages of 8 and 14 years. The disease begins with the degeneration of the white matter in the spinal cord, specifically in the thoracic (middle back) region. This degeneration disrupts the communication between the brain and limbs, leading to the initial symptoms of weakness and unsteadiness in the hind legs.

Common Symptoms of Degenerative Myelopathy

• Weakness in the hind legs, leading to dragging of the feet.
• Difficulty rising or walking.
• Loss of muscle mass in the hindquarters.
• Incontinence in the later stages of the disease.

As the disease progresses, these symptoms worsen, eventually leading to paralysis of the hind limbs.

A study published in Canine Genetics and Epidemiology indicates that DM is particularly prevalent in certain breeds, with German Shepherds being one of the most commonly affected.

Unfortunately, there is no cure for degenerative myelopathy, and the condition is typically progressive.

However, early diagnosis and supportive care can help manage symptoms and improve the dog’s quality of life for as long as possible. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of clinical signs, ruling out other potential causes, and genetic testing.

The SOD1 gene mutation has been identified as a significant risk factor for developing DM, and genetic testing can determine if a dog is at risk.

Once diagnosed, treatment focuses on slowing the progression of the disease and maintaining the dog’s mobility and comfort. Physical therapy and regular, controlled exercise can help strengthen the muscles and delay muscle atrophy.

Assistive devices like harnesses or carts can also help dogs maintain mobility as the disease advances. Additionally, some veterinarians recommend supplements like vitamins E and B-complex, which may offer neuroprotective benefits, though their effectiveness is still under study.

How to Prevent Degenerative Myelopathy in your GSD?

Owners of German Shepherds with DM should be prepared for the challenges of managing a dog with limited mobility. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian, a carefully planned exercise routine, and modifications to the dog’s environment, such as ramps or non-slip flooring, can help improve the dog’s quality of life.

4. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) is a serious digestive disorder that commonly affects German Shepherds.

“EPI occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough digestive enzymes, leading to malabsorption and malnutrition. Without these enzymes, the body cannot properly digest food, resulting in significant weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite.”

German Shepherds are genetically predisposed to EPI, with research showing that the condition is more prevalent in this breed than in others.

A study published in the Journal of Veterinary Sciences found that German Shepherds account for nearly 35% of all EPI cases diagnosed in dogs.

The exact cause is often linked to pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA), where the enzyme-producing cells in the pancreas are gradually destroyed, leading to insufficiency.

Symptoms of EPI

• Chronic diarrhea
• Greasy or pale stools
• Excessive hunger
• Significant weight loss
• Flatulence and loud stomach noises

In some cases, the dog’s coat may become dull and thin due to poor nutrient absorption. Because these GSD health problems symptoms are common in other digestive disorders, EPI can sometimes be misdiagnosed.

Accurate diagnosis typically involves blood tests that measure the levels of pancreatic enzymes, particularly trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI). Low levels of TLI are indicative of EPI. Once diagnosed, EPI is a manageable condition, though it requires lifelong treatment.

How to Prevent EPI in Your GSD?

The primary German Shepherd health problems treatment involves supplementing the dog’s diet with pancreatic enzyme replacements, which help the dog digest food properly. These enzyme supplements are typically mixed with the dog’s food at each meal.

Veterinarians often recommend feeding a highly digestible, low-fiber diet to improve nutrient absorption. Some dogs may also require vitamin B12 injections, as EPI can lead to deficiencies in this essential vitamin.

Regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan are necessary to manage EPI effectively. With proper treatment, most dogs with EPI can live a normal, healthy life. However, owners need to be vigilant and work closely with their veterinarians to ensure that their dog’s nutritional needs are being met.

5. Bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus)

Bloat, also known as Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV), is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself. This condition can cut off blood flow to vital organs and requires immediate veterinary attention.

GSDs, being a deep-chested breed, are particularly susceptible to bloat caused by different genetic factors. This condition can occur suddenly and without warning, making it crucial for owners to recognize the signs and act quickly.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Bloat

• Distended abdomen.
• Retching without producing vomit.
• Restlessness and discomfort.
• Rapid breathing or panting.
• Weakness and collapse.

How to Prevent Bloating in your GSD?

If you suspect your GSD has bloat, seek emergency veterinary care immediately. Treatment typically involves:

• Releasing the gas buildup in the stomach.
• To correct the stomach twist and prevent recurrence.
•  Intensive monitoring and gradual reintroduction of food and water.

While bloat cannot be entirely prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk:

• Feed smaller, more frequent meals.
• Avoid vigorous exercise before and after meals.
• Use a slow feeder to prevent the gulping of food.

6. Allergies

Allergies are common GSD health problems, manifesting in various forms, including food allergies, environmental allergies, and contact allergies. These allergies can lead to chronic discomfort and affect your dog’s overall health.

There are different types of Allergies.

• Food allergies are commonly triggered by proteins like chicken, beef, or dairy.
• Environmental allergies are caused by pollen, dust mites, or mold.
• Contact allergies resulting from contact with certain materials like plastic or certain chemicals.

Symptoms to Watch For Allergies

• Itchy, red, or inflamed skin.
• Ear infections or chronic ear problems.
• Gastrointestinal issues like vomiting or diarrhea.
• Paw licking or chewing.

How to Prevent Allergies in your GSD?

Diagnosing allergies involves identifying the allergen through elimination diets, blood tests, or skin tests. Once identified, management includes:

• Switching to hypoallergenic diets if food allergies are present.
• Antihistamines, steroids, or immunotherapy can help manage symptoms.
• Reducing exposure to known allergens.

7. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic eye disorders that gradually lead to blindness in dogs, including German Shepherds. The condition involves the deterioration of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, over time.

While PRA is less common in German Shepherds than in some other breeds, it still poses a significant risk. As a hereditary condition, it’s important to know the dog’s lineage, as PRA can be passed down through generations.

Signs and Symptoms of PRA

PRA often starts with night blindness, as the cells responsible for low-light vision (rods) deteriorate first. Over time, the condition progresses to affect daylight vision as well:

• Difficulty seeing in low-light or dark environments.
• Bumping into objects or appearing disoriented, especially at night.
• Dilated pupils and a noticeable shine or reflection in the eyes.
• Gradual loss of vision in both eyes.

How to Prevent PRA in your GSD?

A veterinary ophthalmologist typically diagnoses PRA through an eye examination and may perform tests like electroretinography to assess retinal function. Unfortunately, there is no cure for PRA, but management focuses on helping the dog adapt to vision loss:

• Rearranging the home to prevent injury, using non-slip rugs, and keeping furniture in the same place.
• Using voice commands and touch signals can help guide the dog as vision declines.
• Some veterinarians may recommend antioxidant supplements, though their effectiveness in slowing PRA progression is debated.

8. Panosteitis

Panosteitis, often referred to as “growing pains,” is a condition that affects the long bones of young, rapidly growing German Shepherds. This inflammatory disease causes pain and lameness, which can shift from one leg to another, making it challenging to diagnose.

German Shepherds are particularly prone to panosteitis, typically occurring between the ages of 5 to 18 months. The condition is believed to be linked to rapid growth, though the exact cause remains unknown.

Signs and Symptoms of Panosteitis

The symptoms of panosteitis can vary, but they usually include:

• Lameness
• Sensitivity to touch, especially in the affected limb.
• Reluctance to play or exercise, and in severe cases, a lack of appetite.
• A mild fever may accompany the lameness.

How to Prevent Panosteitis in your GSD?

A veterinarian can diagnose panosteitis through physical examination and X-rays, which may reveal increased bone density in the affected areas. While panosteitis is a self-limiting condition, meaning it will eventually resolve on its own as the dog matures, treatment focuses on managing pain and discomfort:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other pain relievers to reduce discomfort.
• Limiting strenuous activity until the symptoms subside.
• Ensuring the dog receives balanced nutrition to support healthy growth without accelerating it.

9. Hemangiosarcoma

Hemangiosarcoma is an aggressive and malignant cancer that arises from the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. It primarily affects the spleen, liver, heart, and skin and is particularly common in German Shepherds.

Hemangiosarcoma is a severe concern in German Shepherds due to its aggressive nature and tendency to metastasize quickly. The condition is often diagnosed in middle-aged to older dogs, and unfortunately, it often goes unnoticed until the cancer is advanced.

Signs and Symptoms of Hemangiosarcoma

The symptoms of hemangiosarcoma can be subtle, making early detection difficult:

• Sudden onset of weakness or collapse, particularly after mild exertion.
•  Indicating anemia due to internal bleeding.
• Abdominal swelling in the spleen or liver.

How to Prevent Hemangiosarcoma in your GSD?

Hemangiosarcoma is typically diagnosed through imaging tests like ultrasound, X-rays, or CT scans, along with blood tests. A biopsy is often needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options are limited but may include:

• If the tumor is localized, surgical removal may be possible, particularly for splenic tumors.
• It is used to slow the spread of cancer, although it is not curative.
• Focused on keeping the dog comfortable and managing symptoms, as the prognosis for hemangiosarcoma is generally poor.

10. Perianal Fistulas

Perianal fistulas, also known as anal furunculosis, are painful, chronic sores that develop around the anus of affected dogs. These fistulas can cause significant discomfort and are notoriously difficult to treat.

German Shepherds are more prone to perianal fistulas due to their tail anatomy and immune system characteristics. The condition typically affects middle-aged to older dogs and can severely impact their quality of life.

Symptoms Of Perianal Fistulas

The symptoms of perianal fistulas include:

• Licking or biting at the anal area due to irritation or pain.
• Straining to defecate or reluctance to defecate altogether.
• Bloody or pus-filled discharge around the anal area.
• Foul odor from the affected area.

How to Prevent Perianal Fistulas in your GSD?

Diagnosing perianal fistulas involves thoroughly examining the affected area and may include biopsies or cultures to rule out other conditions. Treatment is often complex and may require a combination of approaches:

• Immunosuppressive drugs or antibiotics to reduce inflammation and infection.
• In severe cases, surgical removal of the affected tissue may be necessary.
• Hypoallergenic or high-fiber diets to ease defecation and reduce irritation.
• Keeping the area clean and dry to prevent further irritation and infection.

11. Von Willebrand Disease (vWD)

Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the von Willebrand factor, a protein critical for blood clotting. This condition can lead to excessive bleeding, even from minor injuries, and is found in German Shepherds.

While vWD is more common in some breeds than in others, German Shepherds are known carriers of the disease. Responsible breeders often test for vWD to prevent passing it to future generations.

Signs and Symptoms of vWD

The symptoms of von Willebrand Disease can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition:

• Excessive bleeding
• Nosebleeds
• Gum bleeding
• Blood in urine or feces

How to Prevent Von Willebrand Disease in your GSD?

vWD is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels and function of the von Willebrand factor. While there is no cure for vWD, management focuses on preventing bleeding episodes and treating them when they occur:

• Limiting activities that could lead to injury.
• Desmopressin can be used in some cases to increase von Willebrand factor levels temporarily.
• In severe cases, to replace lost blood and clotting factors.

The Role of a Good Diet in Maintaining GSDs’ Health

You have seen that each treatment needs a dietary change, how a diet makes your pet live a healthy life. Proper nutrition not only supports their energy levels and coat condition but also plays a significant role in preventing common health problems.

Here are some nutritional benefits that a good diet offers:

1. Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, olive oil, and chondroitin can help reduce inflammation and support joint health, particularly important for preventing hip and elbow dysplasia.
2. A balanced diet helps prevent obesity, which can exacerbate joint issues, contribute to heart problems, and increase the risk of diabetes.
3. Nutrients like vitamins E, Vitamin C, and antioxidants strengthen the immune system, making your GSD less susceptible to infections and diseases.
4. Fiber and probiotics in the diet support a healthy digestive system, reducing the risk of gastrointestinal problems such as Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI).
5. A diet with limited ingredients or hypoallergenic formulations can help prevent or manage food allergies, reducing skin issues and digestive discomfort.
6. Diets rich in DHA and other essential fatty acids contribute to brain health, potentially lowering the risk of neurological issues like degenerative myelopathy.
7. Adequate levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet are vital for maintaining strong bones and helping prevent fractures and other skeletal issues.
8. A diet with sufficient omega fatty acids and zinc levels promotes a healthy skin barrier and shiny coat, reducing the risk of dermatitis and other skin problems.

 

FAQs

Does Pet Insurance Cover Common Health Issues for German Shepherds?

Pet insurance often covers common health problems in German Shepherds, including hereditary conditions like hip dysplasia and degenerative myelopathy. Coverage depends on the specific policy, so it’s essential to choose a plan that includes these conditions.

How long do German shepherds live?

German Shepherds typically live between 9 to 13 years, depending on factors like genetics, diet, exercise, and overall health care. They can enjoy a longer, healthier life with proper care, including regular veterinary check-ups and a balanced diet.

What do German Shepherds usually die from

German Shepherds commonly suffer from hip dysplasia, degenerative myelopathy, cancer, bloat, heart disease, and kidney failure. Autoimmune disorders and infections also affect older dogs. Regular vet care, diet, and exercise can help extend their lifespan.

The Bottom Line

To ensure your German Shepherd lives a long, healthy life, it’s crucial to stay vigilant about their health. Regularly monitor for any signs of common breed-specific issues, such as hip dysplasia or degenerative myelopathy, and consult your veterinarian at the first sign of trouble.

Consider adjusting their diet to support joint health, boost immunity, and maintain a healthy weight, all of which can help prevent or manage many of these conditions. Regular exercise, mental stimulation, and better dealing with your pet are also key to keeping your GSD fit and happy.

With proactive care and attention, you can greatly improve your German Shepherd’s quality of life and enjoy many happy years together.